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Freedom of the press in Ukraine was considered in 2013 to be among the freest of the post-Soviet states other than the Baltic states.〔〔〔(Ukraine (Country Guide) ) by Sarah Johnstone and Greg Bloom, Lonely Planet, 2008, ISBN 978-1-74104-481-2 (page 39)〕〔(Freedom of the Press 2007: A Global Survey of Media Independence ) by Freedom House, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7425-5582-2 (page 11/12)〕 As of September 2015, Freedom House classifies the Internet in Ukraine as "partly free" and the press as "partly free".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ukraine )〕 Press freedom had significantly improved since the Orange Revolution of 2004.〔〔〔 However, in 2010 Freedom House perceived "negative trends in Ukraine".〔(Report Says Decline In Freedom Continues Across Former Soviet Union ), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (January 13, 2011)〕 According to the US Department of State in 2009 there were no attempts by central authorities to direct media content, but there were reports of intimidation of journalists by national and local officials.〔(2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine ), US Department of State (March 11, 2010)〕 Media at times demonstrated a tendency toward self‑censorship on matters that the government deemed sensitive.〔〔(2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine ), US Department of State (February 25, 2009)〕 Stories in the electronic and printed media (veiled advertisements and positive coverage presented as news) and participation in a television talk show can be bought.〔 Media watchdog groups have express concern over the extremely high monetary damages that were demanded in court cases concerning libel.〔 The Constitution of Ukraine and a 1991 law provide for freedom of speech.〔(1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine ), US Department of State (February 23, 2000)〕 In Ukraine’s provinces numerous, anonymous attacks〔〔〔〔(Local newspaper editor badly injured in assault ), Reporters Without Borders (March 31, 2010)〕 and threats persisted against journalists, who investigated or exposed corruption or other government misdeeds.〔(Disturbing deterioration in press freedom situation since new president took over ), Reporters Without Borders (April 15, 2010)〕〔(Media crackdown under way? ), Kyiv Post (April 22, 2010)〕 The US-based Committee to Protect Journalists concluded in 2007 that these attacks, and police reluctance in some cases to pursue the perpetrators, were "helping to foster an atmosphere of impunity against independent journalists." Media watchdogs have stated attacks and pressure on journalists have increased since the February 2010 election of Viktor Yanukovych as President.〔(Concerns Mount About Press Freedom In Ukraine As Journalist Attacked ), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (September 21, 2010)〕 In Ukraine many news-outlets are financed by wealthy investors and reflected the political and economic interests of their owners.〔〔(Experts: Media owners overtake government as top threat to free speech ), Kyiv Post (24 September 2015)〕 ==History== After the (only) term of office of the first Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk ended in 1994, the freedom of the press worsened.〔(Ukraine At A Crossroads (Interdisciplinary Studies on Central and Eastern Europe) (v. 1) ) by Andrej Lushnycky and Nicolas Hayoz, Peter Lang Publishing, 2005, ISBN 978-3-03910-468-0 (page 21)〕 During the presidency of Leonid Kuchma (1994–2004) several news-outlets critical to the him were forcefully closed.〔 In 1999 the Committee to Protect Journalists placed Kuchma on the list of worst enemy's of the press.〔(Nations in Transit 2000-2001 ) by Adrian Karatnycky, Alexander Motyl, and Amanda Schnetzer, Transaction Publishers, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7658-0897-4 (page 397)〕 In that year the Ukrainian Government partially limited freedom of the press through tax inspections (Mykola Azarov, who later became Prime Minister of Ukraine, headed the tax authority during Kuchma's presidency〔(Biography of new Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov ), RIA Novosti (March 11, 2010)〕〔(Mykola Azarov: Yanukovych's Right-Hand Man ), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (March 12, 2010)〕), libel cases, subsidization, and intimidation of journalists; this caused many journalists to practice self-censorship.〔 In 2003 and 2004 authorities interfered with the media by issuing written and oral instructions about what events to cover.〔〔 Toward the very end of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election campaign in November 2004, many media outlets began to ignore government direction and covered events in a more objective, professional manner.〔 Since the Orange Revolution (of 2004) Ukrainian media has become more pluralistic and independent.〔〔(CIS: Press Freedom In Former Soviet Union Under Assault ), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (April 28, 2006 )〕〔(2006 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine ), US Department of State (March 6, 2007)〕 For instance, attempts by authorities to limit freedom of the press through tax inspections have ceased.〔(2003 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine ), US Department of State (February 25, 2004)〕〔(2004 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine ), US Department of State (February 28, 2005)〕〔(2000 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine ), US Department of State (February 23, 2001)〕〔(2001 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine ), US Department of State (March 4, 2002)〕〔(2002 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine ), US Department of State (March 31, 2003)〕〔(2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine ), US Department of State (March 8, 2006)〕 Since then the Ukrainian press is considered to be among the freest of all post-Soviet states (only the Baltic states are considered "free").〔〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Freedom of the press in Ukraine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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